Lesson 43 · B1
A t- for “each other”
“They helped each other”, “they fell out”, “the town has changed”. English needs “each other” or “-self” or nothing at all. Darija puts a t- in front of the verb, and it works on the Form II and Form III verbs of the last two lessons.
- Make Form V from Form II and Form VI from Form III.
- Say learn, get used to, worry, change.
- Say that people help each other, argue, meet.
- Read a match report.
Twenty-four words
First family: Form V (t- + doubled consonant). Second: Form VI (t- + long a), nearly always plural, since it takes more than one.
Form V: oneself
-
تْعَلّْمْ
t3ellem
to learn
From 3ellem, teach: “teach oneself”. One root, two English verbs.
-
تْبَدّْلْ
tbeddel
to change (by itself)
From beddel, change something. tbeddelti, you've changed.
-
تْعَوّْدْ
t3ewwed
to get used to
With 3la: t3ewwedt 3la l-makla.
-
تْفَرّْجْ
tferrej
to watch (a show)
With f: tferrej f l-match.
-
تْقَلّْقْ
tqelleq
to worry; get anxious
mqelleq, lesson 21, is its participle.
-
تْكَلّْمْ
tkellem
to speak (formal)
Radio and speeches. On the street, hder.
Form VI: each other
-
تْعَاوْنُو
t3awnu
to help each other
From 3awen.
-
تْخَاصْمُو
tkhasmu
to fall out; argue
From khasem.
-
تْلَاقَاوْ
tlaqaw
to meet (each other)
ntlaqaw f l-qahwa, see you at the café.
-
تْفَاهْمُو
tfahmu
to understand each other; agree
Lesson 42's ttfahemna.
-
تْقَابْلُو
tqablu
to face; play against
Two teams tqablu.
- تْسَامْحُو tsam7u to forgive each other
Football
-
الْمَاتْشْ
l-match
match
From English, via French.
-
الْفَرِيقْ
l-feriq
team
Dual: l-feriqayn, both teams.
-
اللَّاعْبْ
l-la3eb
player
Participle of l3eb.
-
الْكُولْ
l-gol
goal
Pronounced with ڭ: gol.
-
الْحَكَمْ
l-7akam
referee
“The one who judges”.
- الْجُّمْهُورْ j-jumhur crowd; fans
-
الشُّوطْ
sh-shut
half (of a match)
sh-shut lluwwel, first half.
- الْبِينَالْتِي l-pinalti penalty
The result
- رْبَحْ rbe7 to win
-
خْسَرْ
khser
to lose
khsert, I lost. Not tkhesser, break down.
-
تْعَادْلُو
t3adlu
to draw
Form VI: “even each other out”.
-
مَارْكَا
marka
to score
French marquer: marka gol.
Forms V and VI
Four sentences. The first has Form II and Form V side by side; the others have verbs with t- in front.
- عَلّْمْنِي بَّا، وْ تْعَلّْمْتْ بْالزّْرْبَة3ellemni bba, w t3ellemt b z-zerba
- الْفَرِيقَيْنْ تْقَابْلُو نْهَارْ الْحَدّْl-feriqayn tqablu nhar l-7edd
- الْجُّوجْ تْخَاصْمُو وْ مَنْ بَعْدْ تْسَامْحُوj-juj tkhasmu w men be3d tsam7u
- الْمْدِينَة تْبَدّْلَاتْ بْزَّافْl-mdina tbeddlat bzzaf
In the first, who teaches and who learns? What does the t- add?
The rule
A t- in front of Form II gives Form V: 3ellem, teach → t3ellem, learn (“teach oneself”); beddel, change something → tbeddel, change.
A t- in front of Form III gives Form VI: 3awen, help → t3awnu, help each other; khasem → tkhasmu, argue with each other. Being reciprocal, it's nearly always plural.
They conjugate like their source forms, t- attached: kant3ellem, t3ellemt; kayt3awnu, t3awenna.
In short, the t- does the work of English “-self” and “each other”, and sometimes of the passive.
From II to V, from III to VI
| Form | Say it | Means |
|---|---|---|
| عَلّْمْ ← تْعَلّْمْ | 3ellem → t3ellem | teach → learn |
| بَدّْلْ ← تْبَدّْلْ | beddel → tbeddel | change sth → change |
| عَاوْنْ ← تْعَاوْنُو | 3awen → t3awnu | help → help each other |
| خَاصْمْ ← تْخَاصْمُو | khasem → tkhasmu | argue with → argue with each other |
| كَنْتْعَلّْمْ · تْعَلّْمْتْ | kant3ellem · t3ellemt | I learn · I learnt |
| كَيْتْعَاوْنُو · تْعَاوْنّْا | kayt3awnu · t3awenna | they help each other · we helped each other |
| غَادِي نْتْلَاقَاوْ | ghadi ntlaqaw | we'll meet |
| تْبَدّْلْتِي بْزَّافْ | tbeddelti bzzaf | you've changed a lot |
Row 4: Form III with m3a, “argue with someone”; Form VI alone, “argue with each other”.
What English gives you, and what it costs
Free: “change” with and without an object. “I changed the tyre / I've changed”: English already feels two meanings; Darija gives them two forms.
Costly: “each other”. English adds two words; Darija adds one letter. Don't translate “each other” on top: t3awenna is enough.
Costly: learn / teach. Two unrelated English verbs, one Darija root with and without t-. Easy to swap.
Your mistake, not someone else's
You met 3ellem first, in lesson 41, so it comes out when you think “learn”. But 3ellemt is “I taught”.
×عَلّْمْتْ الدَّارِجَة فْالْمَغْرِبْ“I taught Darija in Morocco”.
✓تْعَلّْمْتْ الدَّارِجَة فْالْمَغْرِبْ“I learnt Darija in Morocco”.
Some speakers do say “learn someone something” in English dialect; Darija's 3ellem is that verb, not “learn”.
The derby
A local derby report in the style of ary.wikipedia's sports entries. Teams and score are invented; the vocabulary is any match's.
دِيرْبِي الْمْدِينَة: اتِّحَادْ 2 – نَجْمْ 2
الْفَرِيقَيْنْ تْقَابْلُو نْهَارْ الْحَدّْ فْالْمَلْعَبْ الْكْبِيرْ قُدَّامْ عِشْرِينْ أَلْفْ مْتْفَرّْجْ.
فْالشُّوطْ اللّْوّْلْ، النَّجْمْ مَارْكَا جُوجْ كُولَاتْ. الْجُّمْهُورْ دْيَالْ الِاتِّحَادْ تْقَلّْقْ.
فْالشُّوطْ التَّانِي، الْمُدَرِّبْ بَدّْلْ جُوجْ دْ اللَّاعْبِينْ، وْ الْفَرِيقْ تْبَدّْلْ.
اللَّاعْبِينْ وَلَّاوْ كَيْتْعَاوْنُو وْ كَيْتْفَاهْمُو مْزْيَانْ. مَارْكَاوْ كُولْ وْ مَنْ بَعْدْ بِينَالْتِي.
فْالدّْقِيقَة 90، جُوجْ لَاعْبِينْ تْخَاصْمُو، وْ الْحَكَمْ خَرّْجْ وَاحْدْ مْنْهُمْ.
فْالْأَخِيرْ تْعَادْلُو. وَلَكِنْ مُورَا الْمَاتْشْ، اللَّاعْبِينْ تْسَامْحُو وْ تْبَادْلُو الْمَايُّوهَاتْ.
Did you follow?
What was the half-time score?
Show answers
Two–nil to Nejm.
What did the coach do?
Show answers
Changed two players, and the team changed.
What happened in the 90th minute?
Show answers
Two players fell out and the referee sent one off.
How did it all end?
Show answers
A draw; the players made up and swapped shirts.
Check
Two here, three more in the B1 book.
Exercises 1 and 2 are here, with answers. Exercises 3 to 5 are in the B1 book, the PDF this site lives on: you can see the first item of each below.
1Match
Each verb with its t- form.
| 1 | عَلّْمْ | a | تْعَاوْنُو |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | بَدّْلْ | b | تْعَلّْمْ |
| 3 | عَاوْنْ | c | تْسَامْحُو |
| 4 | سَامْحْ | d | تْبَدّْلْ |
2Fill in
With the verb from the box. No vowels.
تعلمتتلاقيناتخاصموتعودتكنتفرج
- ___ السياقة فجوج شهور
- ___ فالقهوة بلا ما نتفاهمو
- الجيران ___ على الصداع
- ___ على الماكلة ديال هنا
- ___ فالماتش فالتيليفيزيون
3True or false?
According to the report.
- Ittihad won.
4Sort
Form V or Form VI?
تْعَلّْمْ
Form V (oneself)
Form VI (each other)
5Your match
In six sentences, tell a match or competition you watched.
تْقَابْلُورْبَحْخْسَرْتْعَادْلُوتْفَرّْجْتْ
The rest is in the B1 book
The B1 bookShow answers
| 1. Match | 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c |
|---|---|
| 2. Fill in | تعلمت · تلاقينا · تخاصمو · تعودت · كنتفرج |
The B1 book: In preparation
Write and I will tell you the day it is out. One email, no list.
I can now
- Form Forms V and VI with t-.
- Tell 3ellem, teach, from t3ellem, learn.
- Say people help each other, argue, meet.
- Report a match.